https://snacksafely.com/2018/03/study-untrained-teens-using-emergency-epinephrine-devices/Interesting. I would think it's more obvious because when you pull of the cap on the new device that you can see the actual needle and know where it's supposed to go. Now as to whether that causes more fear for the person administering it or the person needing the epinephrine, that's a different study.